Computerized crime mapping
Computerized crime mapping is the use
of computers systems by law enforcement agencies to analyze crime incident
patterns.
Directed patrol
Directed patrol
is a proactive law enforcement technique to address crime activities in a
particular area.
Enticement
Enticement is
the act of persuading or attempt to persuade an individual for the purpose of
criminal activities.
Entrapment
Entrapment is
the practice of inducing an individual to commit a crime by law enforcement
agent that the individual would otherwise not be engaged in.
Event analysis
Event analysis
is the formal way of analyzing crime incidents for the purpose of improving
practice.
Field operations
Field operations
are a form of patrol tactics where law enforcers work outside their premises.
General deterrence
General
deterrence is the practice of inducing individuals likely to commit offenses
not to do so.
Proactive arrests
Proactive
arrests refer to activities directed to deterring the commission of criminal
activities through police arrests and engage individuals.
Primary aggressor laws
Primary
aggressor laws arise from pro-arrest statutes and mandatory laws and require
law enforcers to apply them strictly.
Quality-of-life policing
Quality-of-life
policing is the practice of heavily various non-criminal activities and minor
offenses that if left unchecked would lead to an explosion of serious crime.
Specific deterrence
Specific deterrence
is the technique of punishment implemented by a criminal justice system with
the intention of discouraging criminal conduct in a particular person charged.
Target-oriented
Target oriented
are measures directly undertaken with the intention of minimizing the risk of
crime in a targeted group.
Chapter 12
Affirmative action plan
An affirmative
action plan includes procedures, policies, and practices to ensure that
qualified employees and applicants receive equal opportunities for privileges
that characterize employment engagements.
Civil service, or merit, system
The merit system
is the process of hiring and promoting government employees based on their
abilities to perform tasks and not based on their connections.
Diversity
Diversity is the
concept of being different based on different traits such as across age,
gender, physical ability, religion, skills, sexual orientation and tenure.
Defeminization
Defeminization
is the aspect of sexual differentiation based on female specific behavior,
structure and function.
Double marginality
Double
marginality is the explanatory power that accounts for variations in perception
in involvement in law enforcement affairs.
Police culture
Police culture
is a culture that contains social codes and implied rules that influence how
individuals behave within the culture.
Policewomen
Policewomen are female members of the
police force.
Quid pro quo harassment
Quid pro quo
harassment is the practice by authority figures involving offering or hinting
to offer employee something in return for a sexual favor.
Reverse discrimination
Reverse
discrimination is a form of discrimination against members of a dominant group
in favor of disadvantaged or minority groups.
Sexual harassment
Sexual
harassment is a type of sexual discrimination involving coercion, bullying or
inappropriate and unwelcome rewards in return for sexual favors.
Testimonial evidence
Testimonial evidence is the oral or
written statements of witnesses and victims.
Chapter
9
Discretion
Discretion is
the power to decide or act in accordance to one’s own judgment.
Grass eaters
Grass eaters are
law enforcers who simply accept bribes but do not aggressively pursue them.
Legalistic Style
The legalistic
style is the mode of policing that stresses the enforcement of the law to the
letter.
Meat eaters
Meat eaters are
law enforcement officers who seek out situations that can lead to a monetary
gain.
Noble cause corruption
Noble cause
corruption is a form of corruption that results from the adherence to a
teleological system.
Police corruption
Police
corruption is a form of misconduct involving abuse of power or break of social
contact by law enforcement officers for personal gain.
Predispositional theory
Predispositional
theory suggests that the values and attitudes of law enforcers determine their
behavior.
Racial profiling
Racial profiling
is a form of discriminatory practice by law enforcers that involves targeting
individuals based on their ethnicity, race, national origin, and religion.
Socialization theory
Socialization
theory explains that peer groups rather than parental figures influence the
behavior and personality of a person.
Symbolic assailant
The symbolic
assailant is an individual that law enforcement officers consider to be
dangerous.
Watchman style
Watchman style
is the mode of policing that places emphasis on informal intervention and
preservation of order on the part of law enforcers as compared to strict
enforcement of the law.
Chapter 10
Coercion
Coercion is the
improper use of power, intimidation or authority by law enforcement officers to
compel an individual to comply.
Continuum of force
Continuum of
force is a standard that provides law enforcement officers and civilians with
guidelines as to the degree of force that may be used to overcome resistance.
Deadly force
Deadly force is
the use of an amount of force by police force significant enough to cause
either death or serious bodily injury to a person.
Defense-of-life policy
Defense-of-life
policy guides the use of force by law enforcement agencies in incidences of
defense.
Extralegal police aggression
Extralegal
police aggression is the use of legal power beyond what is dictated by law.
Fleeing felon rule
Fleeing felon
rule is a rule that permits the use of any degree of force against suspects of
a felony in clear flight.
Mere presence
Mere presence is
a concept used to describe the presence of a person that does not influence or
instigate the happening of activity.
Officer survival
Officer survival
is undercover operation tactics that allow police officers to interrupt
planning of a crime or secretly gather evidence of a crime.
Physical force
Physical force
is the use of substantial force to restore order or secure observance of the
law.
Police brutality
Police brutality
is a form of misconduct by police, which involves intimidation, false arrest,
political repression, racial profiling and surveillance abuse.
Psychological force
Psychological
force is the use of interrogations, interviews, lie detections and similar
methods that do not utilize physical force.
Third degree
The third degree
is the rough treatment or Intensive questioning by law enforcement officers to
obtain a confession or information.
Chapter 11
Commission on Accreditation for Law for Enforcement
Agencies (CALEA)
Commission on
Accreditation for Law is a credentialing authority that accredits law
enforcement agencies and other public safety agencies.
Civilian Review Board
The civilian
review board is an independent body set up by police departments or cities to
allow the general public can submit complaints against police officers.
Ethical Utilitarianism
Ethical
utilitarianism is a principle that holds that the morally right courses of
action are the ones that produce the greatest benefits.
False complaints
False complaints
are unfounded claims or groundless accusations.
Garrity interview
Garrity
interview are investigatory interviews carried out to help individuals avoid
the risk of incriminating themselves.
Internal Affairs
Internal Affairs
is a division of law enforcement that investigates possible suspicions and
incidences of professional misconduct and lawbreaking.
Office of Professional Standards
Office of
Professional Standards formulates guidelines and oversees the conduct of
professionals.
Police auditor systems
Police auditor
systems are sets of verification activities that involve the examination and
inspection of different factors within the police jurisdiction.
Professionalism
The qualities
conduct, or aim that mark and characterize a professional person or profession.
Reliability
Reliability is
the degree to which a process or system produces consistent results.
Unsubstantiated complaints
Unsubstantiated
complaints are groundless claims.
Validity
Validity is the
state of being acceptable or factually sound.
Chapter 13
Actual danger
Actual danger is
a type of danger where the law places the onus upon an individual to challenge
normal anticipation.
Acute stress
Acute stress is
a psychological reaction that causes a strong emotional response to an event.
Chronic stress
Chronic stress
is the reaction to unrelenting pressures and demands.
Critical incident debriefing
Critical
incident debriefing are valuable tools for the management of traumatic
reactions by survivors.
Crisis intervention team
Crisis intervention
team is a form of first responder model first developed in Memphis.
Eustress
Eustress is a
normal or moderate stress that is beneficial for the experience.
Perceived danger
Perceived danger
is a subjective judgment about the danger.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder is a type of disorder that may develop after experiencing the
scary, shocking or dangerous event.
Psychological stress
Psychological
stress is the emotional reaction that individuals experience after confronting
a situation in which demands are beyond their coping abilities.
Sensitization training
Sensitization
training is a form of training directed towards building the capacity of
participants.
Social-supports model
Social-supports
model is a model that draws from cognitive theory to improve stress coping
perspective.
Suicide
prevention training
Suicide
prevention training is a tool to help improve skills and knowledge in suicide
prevention.
Chapter 14
Arnold v. Ballard
Arnold v.
Ballard is a reference to a case between the two parties on the issue of
discrimination against blacks in matters of employment in the Fire or Police
Divisions of the Safety Department of the City of Akron.
Castro v. Beecher
Castro v.
Beecher case refers to a hearing where the plaintiff accused Massachusetts
Civil Service Commissioner of discrimination in employment.
Chief’s Scholar program
Chief's Scholars
program is a program that aims at leadership development to enhance diversity
within the United States.
Crime Control Act
Crime Control
Act is an Act of Congress aimed at reducing the incidences of crime occurrence.
Davis v. City of Dallas
Davis vs. The city of Dallas refers to a
hearing on the violation of City Charter, and Code violated the First Amendment
by the defendant.
Griggs vs. Duke Power Co.
Griggs v. Duke
Power Co is a case argued on December 14, 1970, in relation to the adverse
impact theory and employment discrimination.
Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP)
LEEP is a
non-profit organization that focuses on child safety through an emphasis on
public safety research and education.
National Advisory Committee on Higher Education for Police Officers
It is a body
that promotes higher education among Law enforcement officers to improve
practice.
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
It is an Act is
an enactment that sets the guidelines to obtain wiretap orders within the
United States.
Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
PERF is an
organization by police executives from law enforcement agencies with the
purpose of advancing professionalism and improving policing.
President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
A group of
people appointed to help repair America’s criminal justice system and fight
crime.
The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society
The Challenge of
Crime in a Free Society is a report by the above body that recommends the
measure to improve law enforcement and prevent crime.
Chapter 15
Collaboration
Collaboration is
the art of working together to effectively attain a set goal.
Crime-detection technology
Crime-detection
technologies are innovative tools that improve the capacity to detect crimes.
Crime-solving technology
Crime-detection
technologies are innovative tools that improve the capacity to solve crimes.
Cybercrime
Cyber crime is a
form of crime conducted through computer networks or the internet.
Eyewitness identification
Eyewitness
identification is an effective and potent tool used to convince juries of the
guilt of a suspect.
Federalization
Federalization
means to put under federal control or to subject to the authority of a federal
government.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS is a global
navigation satellite system used to provide geolocation.
Interoperability
Interoperability
refers to the ability of software applications and ICT systems to exchange data
communicate or utilize information.
Militarization
Militarization
is the process by which the public organizes itself for violence or military
conflict.
Privatization
Privatization is
the process of moving an institution to the private sector from the public
sector.
Social Media
Social Media
computer-mediated platforms that allow the generation and sharing of
information through networks or virtual communities.
USA Patriot Act
USA Patriot Act
is an Act enacted on October 26, 2001, with the purpose of providing necessary
tools to obstruct and intercept terrorism.
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