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Tuesday, November 27, 2018
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Monday, November 26, 2018
Database Table spaces
Database Tablespaces
Introduction
A database refers to a systematic
collection of data files together with the programs and commands that
manipulate the data files. An Oracle database stores two types of information
which are the user data and system data. User data is relevant and important to
a certain computer application while the system data is the data that the
database requires for self-management. A database is, therefore, made up of the
components such as database files, control files; redo logs, extents, segments,
and Tablespaces.
Tablespaces
A tablespace is a logical group and
storage of data files while in the database. A typical database contains, at
least, a tablespace, but it usually has two or more tablespaces. The tablespace
resides inside and plays a role as a computer’s hard drive folder. Each of the
logical tablespaces in the database corresponds to one r several physical
database files. It is worth to note that there is a close relationship between
databases, tablespaces, and data files. However, they have significant
differences. An Oracle database contains the following typical tablespace
(Rabl, Pfeffer, & Kosch, 2008):
·
SYSTEM: Stores all the
information required for self-management
·
TEMP: Storage of all
temporary files
·
TOOLS: Storage of
database objects required to support various tools
·
USER: Stores
information about the users
·
DATA & INDEX:
Stores the actual data together with the indexes
·
ROLLBACK: Stores all the
information required for undo
Bigfile Tablespace
Oracle Database lets the user create
bigfile tablespaces thereby allowing the Oracle database to hold tablespaces
consisting of single large files instead of several smaller files. The Oracle
database is then able to utilize the ability of 64-bit systems thereby managing
and creating ultra large files. This results into the Oracle Database being
able to scale up 8 exabytes in size. With files being managed by Oracle,
bigfile tablespace makes data files appear completely transparent to the users.
This simply means that a user can perform operations on tablespace instead of
underlying the data file. Therefore, bigfile tablespaces make the tablespace
the major unit of the administration of the disk space, recovery, and backup
among others. They also help in simplifying the management of data file with
Oracle-managed Files and Automatic Storage Management through the elimination
of the need for adding new data files and dealing with several files (Kurtz,
2012).
Smallfile
Tablespace
A smallfile tablespace is an old or the
traditional Oracle tablespace that has the capability of holding 1022 datafiles
or tempfiles. Furthermore, each of the 1022 datafiles or tempfiles has the
capability to hold approximately 4 million (222) blocks. A smallfile tablespace
is made up of four pieces format like OOOOOOFFFBBBBBBRRRR where (Boszormenyi
& Schonig, 2013):
·
OOOOOO represents the
data object of the whole segment
·
FFF represents the
tablespace-relative to the datafile number in which the datafile row is
contained
·
BBBBBB is the data
block in which the row is contained
·
RRR is the slot number
that helps to identify the row inside a certain block
A smallfile tablespace provides the database user with a
layer that helps in abstraction between the physical data and logical data. Its
main function is allocating storage for all the segments managed by the DBMS
(Lujan-Mora & Trujillo, 2006).
Comparison between
Bigfile and Smallfile Tablespaces
Bigfile tablespace has a datafile
transparency while smallfile tablespace does not have the feature. Therefore,
bigfile tablespace helps to simplify the management of the database by
providing the transparency required for the datafile. Furthermore, bigfile
tablespace requires a reduced number of the datafiles while it is exact
opposite with the smallfile tablespace in that they require a lot of datafiles.
Therefore, bigfile tablespaces help in simplification of the management of
datafiles in large databases. The parameters are also adjustable thereby
reducing the SGA space that datafile information and control file size require
(Wrembel, 2009).
Smallfile tablespace can contain 1024
files only. Bigfile tablespaces can contain one datafile that is 1024 times
larger than smallfile tablespace. Therefore, bigfile tablespace leads to
significant increase in the storage capacity of the Oracle database. Smallfile
and bigfile tablespace have similar total tablespace capacity. However, each
database is limited to 64K and because a database can contain 1024 times more
bigfile tablespaces than the smallfile tablespaces, leads the bigfile
tablespaces increasing the total capacity of the database by a magnitude of
order 3. In my database, I would use bigfile tablespace because of the
transparency, large storage space, and simple database management as explained
above (Rubio & John, 2005).
Conclusion
This paper has discussed the tip of the
iceberg of the bigfile and smallfile tablespaces and tablespaces in general.
There is more specific information about the topics that underlie tablespace in
general. Therefore, there is a dire need to unearth more information about
tablespaces and everything about it. Having information about the phenomena
will enable the database admin to make the correct choice while selecting the
table space that is suitable for their database.
References
Boszormenyi, Z., &
Schonig, H.-J. (2013). PostgreSQL
replication: Understand basic replication
concepts and efficiency replicate interruptions. Birmingham: Packt Publishing.
Kurtz, D. (2012). PeopleSoft for the Oracle DBA. Berkeley,
CA: Springer.
Lujan-Mora, S., &
Trujillo, J. (2006). Physical modelling of data warehouse using UML component and deployment diagrams: Design and
implementation issues. Journal of Database Management, 17 (2),
12-42.
Rabl, T., Pfeffer, M.,
& Kosch, H. (2008). Dynamic allocation in a self-scaling cluster database. Concurrency
and Computation: Practice and Experience, 20 (17), 2025-2038.
Rubio, J., & John,
L. K. (2005). Reducing server data traffic using a hierarchical computation model. IEEE
Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 16 (10), 933-943.
Wrembel, R. (2009). A
survey of managing the evolution of data warehouse. International Journal
of Data Warehousing and Mining, 5 (2), 24-56.
Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in customized term papers if you need a similar paper you can place your order for research paper custom.
Protagoras, Aristotle, and Epicurus
Protagoras
Protagoras
is regarded as one of the greatest of the Sophists of ancient Greece. He lived
between 485-415 BCE and was the first to promote the philosophy of
Subjectivism. He is often referred to as the father of Relativism and
Agnosticism. He argued that the
interpretation of reality was relative to the individual. He taught his view
through his position as a rhetoric, politics, and logic teacher known as
Sophist. He served as a private tutor to
young men of the upper classes. Sophists taught people the how to speak well
and the finer points of culture. As
Athens, was extremely litigious, the skill of public speaking was highly valued
for use in the courtroom. A lot of Protagoras' teachings are derived from
Plato's dialogues. Protagoras'
Relativism is the idea that there is no ultimate, objective truth. Philosophers like Plato believed in an
objective standard of truth and were, therefore, at great odds with the beliefs
of Protagoras. Protagoras may never have claimed `truth' did not exist rather
merely that there is no single way of objectively defining what the truth might
be (Witt, 1954)
Aristotle
Aristotle
is a significant figure in ancient Greek philosophy that made contributions to
metaphysics, logic, mathematics, biology, physics, botany, ethics, agriculture,
politics, medicine, theatre and dance. He lived between 384-322 BCE. Aristotle
was Plato’s student who in turn studied under Socrates. He is known for
rejecting Plato's theory of forms. Aristotle authored a philosophical and
scientific system that became the basis for medieval Islamic philosophy and
Christian Scholasticism. He founded formal logic that was regarded as the sum
of the discipline. His writings in
political theory and ethics as well as in metaphysics continue to be studied
until today. Aristotle's Metaphysics is
based on the concept of substance which is a result of matter and form. He
sought to know what determined the characteristics of something, what makes
something to be what it is or to change in the way that it does. Matter and
form demonstrate a basic duality in every existence. Aristotle was concerned
with the material world which lived in. He focused on the nature of things as
well as their substance. Aristotelian concepts remained entrenched in western
thinking even after the intellectual revolutions of the Reformation, the
Renaissance, and the Enlightenment (Schiappa, 2013).
Epicurus
Epicurus
was a major philosopher in the Hellenistic period. He lived between 341–270 B.C. He came up with
an unsparingly materialistic empiricist epistemology, metaphysics and
hedonistic ethics. His philosophy helped lay the intellectual foundations for
secular individualism and modern science. He taught that the basic components
of the world were atoms flying through empty space. He rejected the concept of an immaterial soul
and platonic forms. Epicurus also thought that human could gain knowledge of
the world by relying on their senses and that skepticism was untenable. He
believed that the goal of one's actions was to achieve pleasure for oneself.
Obtaining pleasure could be done by expelling the fear of the gods and death
and restraining one's desires. Epicurus' teaching of freedom from fear was
popular and flourished for centuries after his death. His philosophy integrates physics with a
rational hedonistic ethics that accentuates cultivation of friendships and
moderation of desires. His optimistic world-view, science-friendly world-view
and practical give insights into human psychology. Many perspectives of his
thoughts are still highly relevant after they were first taught in his school
in Athens, named “the Garden.” (Hughes, 2001)
Works cited
Witt, Norman Wentworth. Epicurus
and his Philosophy. U of Minnesota Press, 1954.
Schiappa, Edward. Protagoras and
Logos: a study in Greek philosophy and rhetoric. Univ of South Carolina Press,
2013.
Hughes, Gerard J. Routledge
philosophy of Aristotle on Ethics. Psychology Press, 2001.
Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in customized term papers if you need a similar paper you can place your order for research paper custom.
Contrasting Masculinities
Masculinity
(also known as manliness or manhood) refers to a set of characteristics,
attributes and behaviors associated with males (Uchendu & Codesria Gender
Institute, 2008). The difference in masculinities between males can be socially
or biologically assigned. In this paper, I will discuss the masculine
attributes of two men I know in two different contexts: urban and rural
settings.
Masculine
traits of Moris, a 30-35 active man I met in a rural setting some days ago
included large hands with rough palms. His muscles protruded, and skin was
hairy, and veins bulged out of the skin. His skin of the feet also appeared
hard, and his whole body was almost dark. That contrasted the masculine traits
of Mike, a man of almost the same age as Moris and whom I met in the city of
Mexico. He was brought up in the town and after college had started a shoe shop
where he spent most of the day’s time. Mike was a little huge than Moris though
this could be attributed to the fatty body he had. His skin was a bit whiter
but compared to Moris, who had a flat stomach; his was bulging. His hands were
soft and muscles womanly. Though both are men, judging by their physical
appearances, Moris appeared more masculine
According
to Uchendu and Codesria Gender Institute (2008), masculine traits vary by
location and context, and these differences are influenced by social and
cultural factors. The male characteristics of Moris could have been influenced
by the heavy work done by men in rural areas including hunting, farming and
carrying heavy luggage from place to place. More so, some people in rural areas
heed by these cultural norms that beckon men to be courageous and tough, in
addition to pursuing hard responsibilities. Conversely, the urban settings
leave many of these men with few hard pursuances. White collar jobs leave them
seated for most of their day time which may explain the difference in
masculinities between them and their rural counterparts (Uchendu & Codesria
Gender Institute, 2008).
Reference
Uchendu,
E. & Codesria Gender Institute. (2008). Masculinities in Contemporary
Africa. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in customized term papers if you need a similar paper you can place your order for research paper custom.
Bottleneck
Abstract
Bottleneck gets
considered as a critical challenge in manufacturing industries that should get
addressed so as to increase productivity. It is thus essential for
manufacturing industries to use bottlenecks detection method to maintain a
better production rate. This paper comprehensively explores the challenge of a
bottleneck in manufacturing industries, the available bottleneck detection
methods and the benefits observed in the use of the methods. The paper also
makes recommendations for the use of bottleneck detection methods.
Literature Review
Bottleneck gets
considered as a critical challenge in manufacturing industries that should get
addressed so as to increase productivity. The bottleneck is a primary factor
that may result in decreased company productivity. Various scholars have
defined bottleneck using different definitions as outlined below. A bottleneck
is a resource in which demand temporarily exceeds capacity. It also gets
defined as a resource with more demand request compared to the available
capacity. It also gets viewed as a resource in which there is a maximum
work-in-process (WIP) inventory waiting in the queue. It also gets seen as a
resource for maximum long-run utilization. It also gets defined as a resource
with the smallest isolated production rate among those in the system. It also
gets defined as the resource that comprises of the minimum combined total time
spent in inactive states. It also refers to the resource that runs out of
capacity first hence limiting the system throughput. It also refers to the
resource that strongly impedes the performance of a system. Some of the
definitions above do not explain the relationship between the meaning and the
implicit reason the resource gets referred to as a bottleneck. Others describe
the relationship between the total performance and the changes in the specified
bottleneck resource (Betterton & Silver, 2012). According to Betterton
& Silver (2012), the bottleneck gets defined as the resource with the
strongest impact on the performance of a system. Simply it is the resource with
the largest influence on a system performance due to a given differential
increment of change.
According to Li,
Chang, Ni, Xiao & Biller (2007), the existing work in bottleneck detection
gets categorized into two parts namely analytical methods and the
simulation-based methods. There is a restriction of most of the bottleneck
studies using the analytical approaches to long-term steady state bottleneck
detection due to their statistical and probability distribution assumptions for
machine performance. The simulation-based methods get characterized by various
drawbacks such as system specific knowledge, long development time, relatively
low flexibility to layout changes and the potential misinterpretations of the
simulation results. The use of real-time data analysis offers sustainable
benefits or opportunities that do not get sometimes recognized during the
long-term analysis. It is thus critical to make real-time decisions based on
bottleneck identification and mitigation in all practical solutions.
Bottleneck
detection methods
There are eight
methodologies applied in detecting bottlenecks as described below;
a) Utilization Method:
Also known as the effective process time methodology. Utilization of a resource
refers to the long-term fraction of time in which the resource does not idle
due to lack of work. It is the ratio of the rate in which items arrive to get
processed to the efficient production rate. The effective production rate is
the average maximum rate in which the resource works while putting into
consideration the impact of downtime on all resources.
b) Active period method:
It measures the duration of the periods that a station stays active without
interruption and also makes the calculation of the average active time for each
station. The machine that records the longest average active period gets viewed
as the bottleneck.
c) Inactive period method:
In this method, the station in which the minimum combined total time spent in
inactive states gets viewed as the bottleneck.
d) Arrow method:
Its name gets derived from the practice of drawing arrows pointing left or
right indicating the stations that have a higher blocking and starving as
compared to adjacent stations.
e) Turning point method:
The turning point refers to the station in which the trend of blockage and
starvation moves from a higher blockage than starvation to greater starvation
than blockage. The sum of the total blockage and starvation time of a turning
point station is smaller than that of its two neighboring stations. Simply
meaning the turning point has a higher percentage of operating time plus
downtime than its adjacent stations.
f) Average Waiting Time Method:
In this method the bottleneck gets viewed as the station where work waits
longest as measured by the average time a job spends in the queue.
g) Longest waiting time method:
The bottleneck in this method gets viewed as the station where work waits
longest as measured by the maximum time a job spends in a queue.
h) Longest Queue method:
The bottleneck in this method refers to the station having the greatest number
of waiting for jobs in queue for the largest proportion of the entire line processing
period.
i)
Overall
Throughput Effectiveness (OTE) method: This method
incorporates all forms of station delay and downtime as well as cumulative
yield loss, and the bottleneck gets viewed as the station having the smallest
Overall Throughput Effectiveness.
Advantages
of using bottleneck detection methods
An effective
bottleneck detection method allows for fast and correct identification of the
bottleneck locations. This aspect can result in an increase in the system
throughput, an improvement in the operation management of utilizing finite
manufacturing resources, and reducing the total cost of production (Li, Chang,
Xiao, & Biller, 2007). The discrete event simulation may get used in
understanding complex layouts as well as dynamic performance.
Conclusion
Bottleneck
detection methods play a significant role in ensuring high productivity in
manufacturing companies. It is the responsibility of the individual
organization to determine the suitable bottleneck detection method that
adequately suits their company goals.
Recommendations
The bottleneck
control efforts get based on the recent system performance; hence further
studies should get undertaken on the effect of the recent changes in the
system’s future performance to enable forecasting of new bottleneck locations.
Further work is required to characterize the serial lines where bottleneck
detection fails, or in circumstances where detection methods do not locate
multiple bottlenecks.
References
Betterton, C. E., & Silver, S. J. (2012).
Detecting bottlenecks in serial production lines–a focus on inter-departure
time variance. International Journal of Production Research, 50(15), 4158-4174.
Li, L., Chang, Q., Ni, J., & Biller, S. (2009).
Real-time production improvement through bottleneck control. International
Journal of Production Research, 47(21), 6145-6158.
Li, L., Chang, Q., Ni, J., Xiao, G., & Biller,
S. (2007, July). Bottleneck detection of manufacturing systems using the
data-driven method. In Assembly and Manufacturing, 2007. ISAM'07. IEEE International
Symposium on (pp. 76-81). IEEE.
Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in customized term papers if you need a similar paper you can place your order for research paper custom.
RR Communications Case Study
List the advantages of a single
customer service center for RR Communications.
The
single customer service center minimizes expenses spent on various operations
within the organizations. The expenses spent on maintaining the number of
employees in single customer center is low compared to distributed customer
service center. The cost of purchasing
hardware and software components is low since a single customer operation unit
is served by relatively fewer hardware and software components (Law, &
Ngai, 2007).
The
single customer service point facilitates easier auditing of the employees and
the service points in general. The entire system services and operations can
easily be monitored, verified and validated so as to ensure quality and better
service delivered to the customers. The auditing ensures a high level of
performance to the clients and the entire organization. The employees can get
monitored for the quality service delivery and effective implementation of
tasks, operations, and duties.
The
single customer service center facilitates easier standardization of services.
The common place of service delivery can lead to the easier improvement of
services. The entire clients acquire equal services and standardized services
delivered to them. The single customer service center can easily implement the
Total Quality Management (TQM). The Total Quality Management is implemented in
all operations to ensure that the customers have better services, and the
overall operations of the organization are excellently performed.
The
single customer service center promotes better customer relations through the
implementation of the social aspects that improves the customer relations. The
employees have an easier time to understand the needs and the requirements of
customers and attend to their needs. The taste and preference of different
customers can get implemented through interacting directly with the customer at
a single point. The demands and supply issues can get addressed with ease and
in a short duration of time (Wang, & Wang, 2010).
The
communication systems acquire a centralized origin of input data through
implementing the single customer service center. The data and information
generated in the single customer service center have low level of encountering
errors and encountering problems due to replication and redundancy cases. The
redundant data and information are eliminated through the single customer
service center.
The
single customer service center provides a better process of encountering with
troubleshooting and diagnosing of the computer systems. The entire single
customer service center systems provide direct positions and easier chances of
locating areas with problems. The addressing of the IT problems is easy and
consolidated to single area thus making the maintenance of the systems easier
and manageable.
Devise an implementation strategy
that would guarantee the support of the divisional presidents for the shared
customer service center.
The
first strategy shall require the organization to involve all the members of the
organization while making the goals and visions of the organization. The
Divisional presidents should engage the entire team by collecting their ideas
and views depending on what the team desire to implement (Law, & Ngai,
2007). The division presidents should involve the organization in carrying out
the major decisions within the organizations by considering their views.
The
divisional presidents should organize some brainstorming events like seminars,
workshops, training and gatherings to facilitate social relationships among the
employee. The brainstorming events allow the sharing of ideas and discussing
some principles and the matters affecting the organization to facilitate the
organization employees to work together for common goals (Wang, & Wang,
2010). The sessions also facilitate the acquisition of knowledge and
information about dealing with difficult situations encountered within the organizations.
The
divisional presidents should organize for social and gathering events that
facilitate the employees to interact in different platforms like sports.
Divisional presidents should facilitate outings and adventure sessions for the
employees to experience the out of work environments. The occasions eliminate
monotony and allow the employees to understand each other better.
Is it possible to achieve an
enterprise vision with a decentralized IT function?
No
The
decentralized IT functions cause the goals, objectives and the aims of the
organization encounter communication barriers due to lack of definite order of
disseminating information. Similarly, the organization fails to eliminate the
barriers of communication among the employees and the senior administrators
completely. The entire system gets faced with the problems of defining the
strategies since all the decentralized platforms implement their strategies.
The decentralized information technology systems reduce the degree of decision
making due to the existence of several decision makers within the organizations
(Law, & Ngai, 2007). The power and authority of the higher officials are
highly compromised by the lower level management thus degrading the powers of
the highest management officials.
What business and IT problems can
be caused by lack of common information and enterprise IM strategy?
Business
Problems
The
organization fails to establish better formal links of communications leading
to the loss of focus to main goals, objectives, and visions. The operations
implemented by the organizations take long to implement due to longer processes
and difficulties in monitoring. The strategies laid down by the organization
become difficult to implement due to lack of established feedback effects from
the employees who have the particular responsibility (Stephenson, & Sage,
2007). The accountability, responsibility, and transparency among the employees
become neglected and rejected. The plans and projects of the business fail to
complete due to lack of coordination among the divisions and the divisions.
Greater barriers exist between the project implementing team and the divisions
facilitating the resources to support the implementation o f the project.
The
Information Technology Problems
The
system organization encounters persistent data and information problems due to
the numerous input and output systems. The organization experiences data and
information inconsistency as well as the increased problems between the clients
and the reports. The systems are characterized by inaccurate records which may
encounter unresponsive and quick solution due to weak control (Jukic, et al…,
2009). The various divisions and the individual employees lack access to formal
information leading to a lack of better IT practices among the employees. The
ethical issues and best practices in IT fail to be enforced among the
employees. The principles and policies of the organization that governs the
employees and the IT resources lack to be enforced within the organization. The
IT support team encounters difficult situations in trying to compact the
situations and problems affecting organization due to a high level of
self-control and individualism among the divisions.
What governance mechanisms need to
be put in place to ensure common customer data and a shared customer service
center? What metrics might be useful?
Governance
Mechanisms
The
organization should ensure that the business sector and the information
technology sector have a mutual relationship through establishing a
partnership. The entire fellowship of the business entity and the Information
technology should be enforced through policies, rules, and regulations (Law,
& Ngai, 2007). The organizations should employ the division of labor and
specialization strategies to assign duties and responsibilities to particular
individuals. The practice can enforce responsibility, accountability, and the
transparency. The organization should induce the methods of following the
responsible employees who have the responsibility for implementing a particular
change to the data and information (Ahadi, 2004). This should be done by
implementing user accounts and the auditing trails within the database and the
application systems. The entry of data and information within the system should
be accurate without errors. The organization should enforce the use of strong
methodologies that enforce data and information, confidentiality, integrity,
and accessibility among the organization divisions.
The Metrics that can be enforced
The
organization should induce the time-based service delivery to the clients. The
organization should induce mechanism that tracks time for the start of the
service and the end of the service. The system should allow the users to state
the levels of satisfaction to facilitate better service delivery to the
customers. The organization should apply the Total Quality Management
strategies through the use of the auditing methods to assess the performance of
the organization. The data inputs and data sources should have mechanisms for
forecasting the accuracy of data and information entering in the systems.
References
Ahadi,
H. R. (2004). An Examination of the Role of Organizational Enablers in Business
Process
Reengineering
and the Impact of Information Technology.Information Resources
Management
Journal, 17, 4, 1-19.
Jukic,
B., Jukic, N., & Velasco, M. (2009). Enterprise Information Systems Change,
Adaptation
and
Adoption: A Qualitative Study and Conceptualization Framework. Information
Resources
Management Journal, 22, 1, 63-87.
Law,
C. C. H., & Ngai, E. W. T. (2007). IT Infrastructure Capabilities and
Business Process
Improvements:
Association with IT Governance Characteristics.Information Resources
Management
Journal, 20, 4, 25-47.
Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in customized term papers if you need a similar paper you can place your order for research paper custom.
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